Know Your Rights: Tribal Regalia

Tribal regalia are culturally and religiously significant items of dress that are worn by some Indigenous people during traditional ceremonies, activities and important life events, including rites of passage like graduation. Tribal regalia can include a broad range of clothing items, accessories, and adornments.

In the context of high school graduations, some Indigenous students have sought to wear beadwork or an eagle feather on their graduation caps. Others have worn traditional moccasins and leggings, sealskin caps, or leis. Tribal regalia can also include hairstyles such as hair worn long or in braids.

There are various state and federal laws that protect public school students’ rights to wear tribal regalia at graduation ceremonies.

Eleven states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Kansas, Mississippi, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, and Washington) have laws that specifically protect the right to wear tribal regalia. Unfortunately, some of these protections apply only to certain items of cultural regalia or only to certain Indigenous students (e.g., those enrolled in a federally recognized tribe).

Religious freedom laws in many states may offer another source of legal protection for public school Indigenous students who believe that wearing tribal regalia is an important part of their religious or spiritual practice.

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution may also provide protections, especially where public schools allow other types of adornment for graduation caps and gowns but prohibit tribal regalia.

In addition, a federal law known as Title VI prohibits federally funded schools (whether public or private) from discriminating based on race, ethnicity, or national origin. Even if schools do not intend to discriminate, if their policies disproportionately and negatively affect students of a particular race, ethnicity, or national origin, the policies will likely be considered discriminatory. School policies that prevent Indigenous students from wearing tribal regalia may violate this law.

Indigenous students should be allowed to wear their tribal regalia at graduation. There are ways to fight these unfair restrictions.

Send a letter to your school. If you live in one of 11 states that have laws specifically protecting the right to wear tribal regalia, you may be able to use our self-advocacy letters to inform school officials of state law and demand that they follow it.

• Self-advocacy letters are provided for informational purposes only and are not meant to be legal advice or establish an attorney-client relationship. 

Even if you live in a state without specific legal protections for tribal regalia, or do not qualify for protection under an existing tribal regalia law, there are other state and federal laws that may require your school to allow you to wear regalia at graduation. Depending on the circumstances of your situation, you may be able to use one of our other self-advocacy letters to demand that school officials comply with the law. 

• If wearing tribal regalia at graduation is an important part of your religious or spiritual practice as an Indigenous person, some states have religious freedom laws or state religious freedom constitutional provisions that provide strong legal protections for your religious exercise.
• Under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, if your school allows graduates to adorn their graduation caps or gowns with other items, or allows other exceptions to the graduation dress code, it may not prevent you from doing the same with tribal regalia.
• If none of the above situations apply to you, you can still send your school a letter explaining the cultural and religious importance of tribal regalia and asking officials to consider giving you an exemption from the graduation dress code.

File a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education. Title VI prohibits all federally funded schools, whether public or private, from enacting that policies disproportionately and negatively affect students of a particular race, ethnicity, or national origin. If your school has a policy that prevents Indigenous students from wearing tribal regalia, the policy may violate Title VI. Only the U.S. Department of Education can enforce Title VI, but students and parents can file a complaint here.

Indigenous students have suffered horrific persecution by the government and education systemt through numerous attempts to separate Indigenous children from their families and tribes and deny them their rights of cultural and religious expression. For example, through the 1960s, thousands of Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities to distant, government-run “boarding schools,” where their Indigenous languages, beliefs, and identities were suppressed. These abusive practices created long-lasting, intergenerational trauma in Indigenous communities, which is still felt today.

Denying Indigenous students the right to wear tribal regalia further deprives them of their cultural and religious heritage in the name of assimilation. This adds to the violence and oppression that these students and their communities have already suffered.

Graduation ceremonies are especially meaningful for Indigenous students, who, because of this persecution, have long faced structural barriers and discrimination in educational settings and are thus much less likely to graduate from high school than their peers.

To help advocate for Indigenous students’ rights to wear tribal regalia, we are gathering information about students’ experiences with this issue. Have you successfully persuaded your school to allow you to wear tribal regalia? Has your school continued to deny your requests to wear tribal regalia? Let us know!

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